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False precision occurs when numerical data are presented in a manner that implies better Accuracy and precision than is actually the case; since precision is a limit to accuracy, this often leads to overconfidence in the accuracy as well.
In science and
engineering, convention dictates that unless a margin of error is explicitly stated, the number of
significant figures used in the presentation of data should be limited by the precision of those data. For example, if one instrument can read to tenths of a unit of measurement, calculations related to data obtained from that instrument can only be confidently stated to the tenths place, regardless of what the raw calculation returns or even if other data used in the calculation can be obtained more precisely. Even outside these disciplines, there is a tendency to assume that all the non-zero digits of a number are meaningful; thus, providing excessive figures may lead the viewer to expect better precision than actually exists.
False precision commonly arises when high-precision and low-precision data are combined, and in conversion of units. Examples:
- “Bobo the Elephant weighs 10 tonnes. I weigh 79 kilograms. Together, Bobo and I weigh 10,079 kg.” A proper way to state this is as follows: “Bobo the elephant and I weigh 10 tonnes.”
- “Twenty seven years ago, Luis Alvarez first proposed that the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event was caused by an asteroid that struck the earth 65.5 million years earlier. This means the dinosaurs died out 65,500,027 years ago.”
- “European authorities estimated that the bomb used 220 pounds of explosive.” In this example, European authorities, which express measurements in International System of Units units (the metric system), estimated that the bomb used 100 kg of explosives. Such estimates are necessarily subject to great uncertainty. When converted by the American media to pounds, the added precision suggests greater accuracy in the estimation of the bomb’s size than actual. A proper way to state this is as follows: “European authorities estimated the bomb used 100 kg (220 lbs) of explosives.”
- In the United States, normal human body temperature is commonly quoted with false precision as 98.6 °F (37.0 °C). In Russia, the commonly quoted value is 36.6 °C (97.88 °F). These values appear to be the result of the same classic German study that found the average body temperature of healthy humans is 36.6 °C. JAMA "A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich" Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 268 No. 12, September 23, 1992 Because of the normal variation in human body temperatureOne commonly cited normal range for human body temperature is 36.4 – 37.1 °C (97.5 – 98.8 °F)., this value would properly be rounded to 37 °C (implying a precision on the order of 0.5 °C). Converting this rounded value to Fahrenheit gives a value of 98.6 °F; however, quoting the '.6' implies a precision on the order of 0.05 °F, far better than warranted by the data.
Reference
See also
External links
- Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)
- Precisely False vs. Approximately Right: A Reader's Guide To Polls
False precision occurs when numerical data are presented in a manner that implies better
Accuracy and precision than is actually the case; since precision is a limit to accuracy, this often leads to overconfidence in the accuracy as well.
In science and engineering, convention dictates that unless a margin of error is explicitly stated, the number of significant figures used in the presentation of data should be limited by the precision of those data. For example, if one instrument can read to tenths of a unit of measurement, calculations related to data obtained from that instrument can only be confidently stated to the tenths place, regardless of what the raw calculation returns or even if other data used in the calculation can be obtained more precisely. Even outside these disciplines, there is a tendency to assume that all the non-zero digits of a number are meaningful; thus, providing excessive figures may lead the viewer to expect better precision than actually exists.
False precision commonly arises when high-precision and low-precision data are combined, and in
conversion of units. Examples:
- “Bobo the Elephant weighs 10 tonnes. I weigh 79 kilograms. Together, Bobo and I weigh 10,079 kg.” A proper way to state this is as follows: “Bobo the elephant and I weigh 10 tonnes.”
- “Twenty seven years ago, Luis Alvarez first proposed that the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event was caused by an asteroid that struck the earth 65.5 million years earlier. This means the dinosaurs died out 65,500,027 years ago.”
- “European authorities estimated that the bomb used 220 pounds of explosive.” In this example, European authorities, which express measurements in International System of Units units (the metric system), estimated that the bomb used 100 kg of explosives. Such estimates are necessarily subject to great uncertainty. When converted by the American media to pounds, the added precision suggests greater accuracy in the estimation of the bomb’s size than actual. A proper way to state this is as follows: “European authorities estimated the bomb used 100 kg (220 lbs) of explosives.”
- In the United States, normal human body temperature is commonly quoted with false precision as 98.6 °F (37.0 °C). In Russia, the commonly quoted value is 36.6 °C (97.88 °F). These values appear to be the result of the same classic German study that found the average body temperature of healthy humans is 36.6 °C. JAMA "A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich" Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 268 No. 12, September 23, 1992 Because of the normal variation in human body temperatureOne commonly cited normal range for human body temperature is 36.4 – 37.1 °C (97.5 – 98.8 °F)., this value would properly be rounded to 37 °C (implying a precision on the order of 0.5 °C). Converting this rounded value to Fahrenheit gives a value of 98.6 °F; however, quoting the '.6' implies a precision on the order of 0.05 °F, far better than warranted by the data.
Reference
See also
External links
- Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)
- Precisely False vs. Approximately Right: A Reader's Guide To Polls
False precision - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
False precision occurs when numerical data are presented in a manner that implies better precision than is actually the case; since precision is a limit to accuracy, this often ...
false precision
br>reporting analysis or findings to a level of precision or accuracy impossible to achieve from the source materials.
Accuracy and precision - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
However, reliance on this convention can lead to false precision errors when accepting data from sources that do not obey it. Looking at this in another way, a value of 8 would mean ...
The false economy of undervaluing craft-skills | Precision Marketing
Precision Marketing, providing direct marketing, DM database marketing & CRM industry news, jobs and events
Megan McArdle (March 10, 2008) - Iraq benchmarks: false ...
... Washington Weekly | Main | Spitz take » Iraq benchmarks: false precision? ... A lot of liberal bloggers are understandably skeptical of this Michael O'Hanlon ...
Error, Accuracy, and Precision
Beware of the dangers of false accuracy and false precision, that is reading locational information from map to levels of accuracy and precision beyond which they were created.
INEX: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (False precision)
False precision occurs when numerical data is presented in a manner that implies better precision than is actually the case; since precision is a limit to accuracy, this often ...
Dell Precision Mobile Workstations
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Dell Precision Workstations
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